RUK KHAWM: January 2017

Human Rights hi eng nge ni?

by. Remruata

‘Mihring nih avanga Rights (dikna leh chanvo) kan neih hi Human Rights a ni’ tiin awlsam takin a hrilhfiah theih mai awm e. Mihringte hi ropuina, zahawmna, dikna leh chanvo intluktlang theuh neiin kan piang a, chu kan pianpui dikna leh chanvo nen inchawihtawka kan nun theih nan leh mihring zahawmna nen kan khawsak theih nan kan mahmawh engkim hi Human Rights chu a ni.

Mimal tin hian chu kan pianpui dikna leh chanvo chu intluktlang theuhvin kan nei a, neitu bik emaw, nei chungnung bik emaw an awm chuanglo. He kan rights hi inhnehchhuh, bawhchhiatsak theih a ni lo. Tute emaw in mi rights chu bawhchhiat, hupbet, dahbo, chantirloh a nih pawh in chumi chuan a pianpui right chu neitu a nihna angin a nei let leh thei a ni.

Mitin inzahtawn tura thupek leh zirtirna hi culture-tin, society-tin, sakhawtin thupek leh zitirna a ni a, Human Rights nihphung pawh a ni. Human Rights tia au thawm pawh mihring leh mihring inzahtawn tura ngenna a ni deuvek a, Human Rights bawhchhiatna kan tih pawh hi mihring anga kan inen loh vang a ni.

Human Rights nihphung te:

1 Human Right is Inherent- Human Right hi pianpui dikna leh chanvo a ni. Chuvangin mi tupawh mihringa an pian chhuah rualin mimal takin dikna leh chanvo an nei a ni.

2 Human Right is Universal- Human Right hian mi zawng zawng a huap a ni. Hnam /Chibing, Vun rawng, Sakhua, Politics, Social, ngaihdan, pian leh murna, Hmeichhia leh mipa nihna thleihranna awm lovin mi zawng zawngin intluktlang vekin dikna leh chanvo an nei tur a ni.

3 Human Right is inalienable- Human Right hi paihbosak theih a ni lo. Mi tupawh a dikna leh chanvo chu a chenna sawrkar leh ram-danin hriatpuiin humhalh lo mahse, chumi chuan a dikna leh chanvo chu a nei tho a ni. Chutianga dikna leh chanvo hriatpuia inhumhalh sak lohna chu, chumi laka Human Rights bawhchhiatna a ni.

4 Human Right is indivisible- Human Right hi thenhran theih a ni lo. Mihring kan nih a kan zahawmna nenna inchawih tawka kan nun theihnan mitinin zalenna, himna leh kan nitin mamawh phuhruk theihna khawp chanvo kan nei tur a ni. Kan dikna leh chanvo neih ah hian chungnung bik leh pawimawh bik a awm chuang lova, pakhat bawhchhiat a nih in a dang pawh a kaihhnawih zel a ni.

Human Rights ziarangte:

1. Human Rights tam zawk hi mimal dikna leh chanvo (Individual Rights) a ni a, a then chu pawl/ a huho tan dikna leh chanvo (Collective/ Group Rights) a ni. Mimal leh pawl anga hmankawp theih Rights te pawh a awm. (entirnan- Zalen taka sakhua biak theihna. etc).

2. Human Rights thenkhat hi chawpchilh a hlenchhuah mai theih a nih laiin then khat chu ruahmanna feltak nei a hlenchhuah chi an ni. Zalen taka thusawi theihna right hi chawpchilh a hlenchhuah mai theih a nih laiin lehkha zir theihna right chu ruahmanna feltak hnuaiah School In sak leh zirtirtu dahfel hnu a hlenchauh theih chauh a ni.

3. Human Rights thenkhat chu Democracy Society hamthat nan, Mipui vantlang hamthat nan leh Vantlang nun siamthat nan a tul dan a zirin Dan hnuaiah khuahkhirh theih a ni. (entirnan- Zalen taka zin vah theina)

4. Heng a hnuaia tarlan Right-te hi eng hun leh hmunah pawh khuahkhirh theih an ni lovang. Chungte chu:- Nung dama awm theihna. Sal laka zalenna. Innghaisakna laka zalenna. Leiba vanga inmanna laka zalenna. Thubuai pakhat vanga vawi hnih hremna laka zalenna. Dan hmaah zahawmna nei mi pakhat anga hriat puina. Zalen taka sakhaw rin leh biak theihna te an ni.

5. Individual Rights– Mimal dikna leh chanvo hi ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ a tarlan, mi zawng zawng huap dikna leh chanvo te hi an ni.

6. Collective/ Group Rights– Pawl/ a huho tan dikna leh chanvo hi mimal anga dikna leh chanvo neipha ve zolo te, vantlang endawng mi te leh a bika ngaihsak ngai ho te chanpual anga ngaih theih a ni. Entirnan Woman Rights, Child Rights, Indigenous People Rights, Refugees Rights, Ethnics Minority Rights, Immigrant Worker Rights, etc.

7. Legal Rights– Dan hnuaiah Dan-in a hriatpui leh a pek dikna leh chanvo hi a ni. Sual proof-na neihhma chu sual neilo anga awm theihna te, Thuhretu neih theihna te, Bail theihna te hi legal rights te an ni.

8. Human Rights nena sawikawp tamber chu Promoting Human Rights leh Protecting Human Rights te an ni awm e. Promoting Human Rights hi Mihring dikna leh chanvo chawisanna lam a ni a, sorkar hmalakna a Human Rights Programme siam tel te, Dan chhunga Human Rights ziahluh te, Education leh Social Programme a Human Rights ziahluh te a huam tel a ni.Protecting Human Rights hi Mimal dikna leh chanvo humhalhna lam a ni a, Human Rights bawhchhetu te action lak leh dem, mipui rapbettu sorkar/ pawl laka mipui humhim leh political pressure pek te a huam a ni. Tunhma chuan Dan chhungah Human Rights ziahluh a nih in, sorkar hmalakna leh Dan rorelna hnuaiah, Human Rights chawisang tawk viau a inngaihna an nei a, tunah chuan sorkar pakhat mai khawpkham lovin NGO ( Tlawmngai pawl ) hrang hrangin chak takin hma an la ve ta a ni. NGO-te hi Civilized Civil Society tun dinna ah hmun pawimawh tak an chang chho zel a. Changkang mek ram (Developing Country) tam takah ram mipuiten an dikna leh chanvo an hriat loh vangin an sorkar-in Human Rights an bawhchhe nasa hle thin a, NGO ten hailangin mipui an hum a, Human Rights zirtirna te an neihpui a, Human rights lungphum an phum nghet sak sauh sauh thin a ni. Chu aia Human Rights chawisang theitu awmchhun chu Mipui vantlang ngei hi an ni. Mipui hian an mamawh Rights te nguntaka zirchiangin mahni hnam nunphung nen kaikawpin chaktaka hmalak theih zel a ni.

9. Human Rights Watch- Human Rights bawhchhetu sorkar leh pawl chungah action lak, dem, ruahmanna fel tak siama mipui humhim leh sual do let te a huam a ni. A chang chuan ram chhung pawl hrang hrang leh mipui ten an do let zo lo fo thin a, International Organization hrang hrang leh U.N.O hial inrawlh a ngai thin. Chutianga an beih fan fan avangin, Human Rights bawhchhiatna chu a tawp mai bawk thin a ni.

Human Rights History: Human Rights hi Indopui pahnihna hnulama kan hriatlar mah nise Human Rights ngaihdan leh pawmdan erawh chu kum zabi tamtak liamhnu atang tawh khan hriatthiam dan chi hrang hrangin kan lo hmang tawh a, Human Rights tikher lo mahila hnam nunphungah Human Rights ngaihdan leh duhdan te an nunpui thin tawh a ni.

History kan thlirlet chuan chhungkua leh Soceity-ah Duty leh Rights (mawhphurhna, dikna leh chanvo) te kan insiama kan nunpui thin a ni.“Miin in chunga an tih in duh angin mi chungah pawh ti ve rawh u” tih hi hmasang atanga kan tih thin a ni. Hindu Vedas lehkhabu te, Buddha zirtirna te, Babylon hun laia dan bu Code of Hammurabi te, Christian Bible te, Islam Koran lehkhabu te, Analects of Confucius zirtirnaah te mihring kan nihna angin Duty leh Rights kan nei a ni tih hmuhtur a awm vek a ni. Greek Philosopher lar tak Plato (B.C 420-348) leh Aristotle (B.C 384-388) te’n an hunlaiin Citizen Rights chungchang an tarlang tawh a ni.

Hmasang Europe history thlir kir leh ta ila, King John (John Lackland 1167-1216) hun lai a ‘Magna Carta’ (1215) hi ziaka awm Human Rights thuthlung hmasa ber ni awm a ngaih a ni. He thuthlungah hian Human Rights tih thumal pakhatmah hmuh tur a awm chhuang lova, mimal thil neihtheih dan te, rorelna fel awmdan tur thu te leh mipui duhdan anga rorel tur thu Article 63 a awm a. Magna Carta thuthlung hian miliante chauh a humhalh a, mite te a humhalh loh a vangin mihring intluktlanna (Equality) a awm lo a ni. Sakhaw zalenna thuthlung kan hmuh hmasak ber chu ‘The treaties of Westphalia’ (1648) a ni a, Sal-a insiam demna leh titawptur thu hmasaber chu Vienna-1815 ah ngaihtuah a ni. Chubakah ‘The Petition of Right’ (1628) te, ‘The British Bill of Rights’(1689) te hi Sorkar laka mimal dikna leh chanvo humhalhna dan lo piang hmasa te an ni. The British Bill of Rights ah hian innghaisakna laka zalenna, awmlo taka chhiah chawina laka zalenna, dan lo anga an tawrhna lakah khin let leh theihna te a awm a. he bill hi sorkar thuneihna khuahkhirh a vantlang zalenna chawisan theih a nih a vangin English Constitutional Law ah lungphum pawimawh tak pakhat a ni.

Human Rights tih thumal hi 1945 kum U.N.O rawn pian ruala piang ve a ni a, mitupawh a chenna rama culture, tradition leh belief-ah te inthliarhranna awm lovin an khawsa ho tur a ni tih ngaihdan hi chu a hma daih a piang tawh a ni. Kum zabi 18 leh 19 vel khan Europe khawmualah mihring nih avangin Rights kan nei a ni tih te, ram khat a cheng mi tu pawh a hnam leh a sakhawvawn vangin Rights a nei chunnung bik chuanglo tih Natural Rights ngaihdan thar a lo piang tawh a ni. Thuneituten mi an pawng man leh diklo taka nghaisakna laka inventheihnan Rights an sual hmasa ber a, chumi hnuah mipui vantlangin mamawh an sawi ve theih nan zalen taka punkhawm theihna(Right to Peaceful Assembly), zalen taka thusawi theihna (Freedom of Speech), Khua leh tuite dikna leh chanvo (Rights of Citizen), sorkar inthlan theihna (Rights to Suffrage) te an sual chhuak leh a, chutiang chuan mihringte khawsak nunphung changkang leh phuisui zawk neihzel theihnan Social Rights te an sual chhuak ta zel a ni.

Kum zabi 18 chawhnulamah Revolution pahnih chhinchhiah tlaktak America ram leh France ramah a lo awm a. Kum 1776 A.D ah “The American Declaration of Independence” thuchhuah America in a siam a, chumi hnu 1787 ah Constitution siam a ni a, chu Constitution zulzuiin 1791 ah “The American Bill of Rights” siam leh a ni. He bill a thuhmahruai ‘All men are created equal’ tih thu hi tunlai Human Rights-a an sawi uar em em intluktlanna tobul chu a ni. The American Bill of Rights hi Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) in kaihruaiin an ziak a, heng mi te zinga a tam zawk chu English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) ngaihdan ngaina mi te an ni. John Locke hian 1690 kum khan ‘Two Treaties of Government’ tih thuchhuah a siam a, chutah chuan right to Life, Liberty, Personal security leh Right to Property te hi Natural Rights an nih thu nghet takin a tarlang a ni. Chung Rights te chu vawiin ni thlengin American mipuite ngaihhlut leh a mah John Locke ngei pawh hi an ngaihsan mi a la ni reng a ni. Federal Constitution an ziah zawh 1789 kumah nemnghet turin State tin an rawn lai khan Human Rights a tel loh avangin harsatna an nei a, Human Rights thuhla Article (10) an Amend hnu 1791 kumah an nemnghet thei chauh a ni. Chuvangin American Human Rights chu ‘Ten Amendment’ tia hriat lar a ni. United State of America-ah Federal Government in emaw State Government in emaw Dan an siamin Human Rights Dan kalh a siam phal a ni lo.

France ramah pawh French miten 1789 kumah an lal paihthlain zalenna thu “The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” chu an puang chhuak a ni. He thupuanah hian Article 17 a awm a; nungdama awm theihna te, zalen taka thil neihtheihna te, zalen taka thusawi theihna te leh individual rights te a tel nual a ni. He thupuan Article (1) na ah ‘Men are born and remain free and equal in rights’tiintarlan a ni a, America ang bawkin intluktlanna a nemnghet a ni. Chutiang bawkin Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) a Article (1) na ah tarlan a ni. He French thupuan Article (17) na a rights to property hi UDHR ah pawh a ang chiahin Article (17) na ah tarlan a ni. Sovereignty hi mipui kutah a awm a, mipuiin an pek te chauh Sovereign Power an nei tur a ni a ti a, hei hi UDHR a Article (21) na nen a inang a. He Revolution leh an thuchhuah te hian khawvel huap rahbehna hnuaia awm mipuite thinlung a chawktho hneh hle a, Latin America khawmualah zalenna sual an tam phah a, Human Rights thurin pawh mipuite thinlungah a thanglian chak hle a ni. Human Rights Law a hmasalama piang chhuak zawng zawngte hi Civil war atanga piang vek an ni. Chung hunlaia Human Rights an suangtuah dan (Rights of Man) hi ram pakhat level rights (National Rights) a ni a, khawvel pum huap Human Rights thleng an la ngaihtuah pha lo a ni.

Philosopher lar tak tak Thomas Paine, John Sturt Mill leh Henry David Thoreau ten Natural Rights-ah innghatin Mizawng zawng huapzo tur dikna leh chanvo (Universal Rights) ruangam an ngaihtuah chho zel a, chuchuan Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi leh Martin Luther King te ngaituahna a luahkhat hle a ni. Human Rights history-ah ‘Magna Carta’, ‘The Petition of Rights’, ‘The British Bill of Rights’ leh ‘The Rights of Man and of the Citizen’ te hi Kum zabi 20-na a lo piang tur Human Rights hmahruaitu te an ni a, a chhung thu te hi vawiin ni thlengin Human Rights thuhla atan zirchian leh lakchhawn a ni a, Mahse Hmeichhia, Naupang, Vun rawng vanga mi inthleihranna, Sakhua, Social, Economics leh Politics lam hawi Collective Rights te a huap zolo a ni.

Kum zabi 20-na chawhma lam atang khan Collective Rights tundin leh humhalhna lama hmathar lakna a awm chhova, 1919 kumah International Labour Organisation (ILO) din a ni a, kuthnathawktute hriselna, himdamtak leh thlamuang taka hnathawk theihna Right te a siam a, Sal-a insiamna titawp turin 25^th September 1926, Geneva ah thuthlung a siam a, chumi zulzuiin raltlante dinhmun humhalh leh chawisang turin (Refugee Rights) Convention vawi hnih 1933 leh 1938 ah te neih leh a ni. Heng Human Rights hmalakna zawng zawngte hi indopui a lo thlen meuh chuan engmah awmzia a nei theilova, chuvangin khawvel pum huap remna leh muanna tluantling awm thei turin ngaihtuah leh hmalakna thar neih leh a ni.

Indopui pakhatna zawh khan khawvel pumhuap remna tluantling awm theih beiseiin ‘League of Nations’ din a ni a, he pawl hian member-ah America-ram a sawm lut zolova, Japan-in China leh Manchuria a do te, Italy-in Ethiopia a do te dang zo lovin 1939 kum Indopui pahnihna intan rualin a chuai ta a ni. Indopui pahnihna chhung khan Nazi Germany-in Juda mi leh Gypsy mi mataduai ruk chuang an suatna hian khawvel mipui a barakhaih hle a, indopui a zawh meuh chuan khawvel mipuiten Human Rights duh leh mamawhin nasa takin an auchhuah pui ta a ni. Indopui zawh khan hnehna chang ram ten an society-ah mimal dikna leh chanvo (Individual Rights) an hriat pui a, 1945-ah khawvel mipui nunphung thar (New World Order) tundin a ni a, ram dang te paw’n an zawm ve a ni. Hnehna chang tangrual sipai ten an hmelma sala an man te that mai lovin vantlang hmuhphak rorelna ‘International War Criminal Tribune’ Nuremberg-ah siam in mihring laka sualna ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ leh remna dodalna ‘Crimes Against Peace’ thubuai siamsakin mi 200 chuang an chungthu relsak a ni. Hetiang bawkin Fascist Japan sipaite tan Tokyo khawpuiah rorelna hmun siam sak a ni. Heng an chungthu relsakna dan hi ramkhat dan mai nilovin khawvel pumhuap ram inzawmkhawm dan (International Law) a ni. He dan hian hnehna chang tangrual sipai pakhatmah thubuai siamsak leh hrem a nei ve lo tih mai loh chu khawvel History-ah chhinchhiah tlak dan rorelna (Rule of Law) a ni. International Law hian ramkhat dan chungah a leng a ni tih lanchhuahna hmasa ber pawh a ni. . Judami leh Gypsy mite tawrhna rapthlak tak avangin UDHR Article (3) ah nungdama awm theihna, zalenna leh himna te pek a ni. Hnam insuatna te, Chi leh chi indona te, Indopui te awm leh tawh lohna tur leh mihringchi te zalen taka nunkawng an zawh theihna tur te, mimal tinin dikna leh chanvo an neihtheihna tur te ngaihtuahin khawvel huap mihring nunphung standard pakhat neihzai relin 1945 kumah ‘United Nation Organization’ (U.N.O) din a ni ta a ni.

U.N.O (Hnam inzawm khawm pawl) din a nihin khawvel sorkar hrang hrangte zawmtlan tur Dan siam a tul a ni tih ngaihdan a lo pianga, he pawl hi remna leh muanna khawih pawi theitu lakah kut thlakthei tura beisei a ni. He ngaihdan leh beiseina tihlawhtling tura hmalaknaah Human Rights a innghat in hmalak nise tih ngaihdan a awm tel a ni. Human Rights ngaihdan hian Politics-ah hmun a rawn luah chhova, ram thuneihna (Sovereignty) khauhtaka kengkawh duh tu sorkarte pawh a rawn ti nem ve deuh ta a ni. Mihring dikna leh chanvo khawvel huapa tehkhawng pakhata hman tur puanzar a nih hnu chuan mipui rapbettu sorkar leh pawl te, hnam inrahbehna te a rawn ti tlawm a, sorkar thuneitute pawhin anthiltihah U.N.O in rawlh pawh rem an ti thei zel a ni.

Human Rights ngaihdan hi Europe khawmual atanga intan mah nise, tunah chuan khawvel mipui nen inkungkaihna riltak a nei tawh a ni. Mipuite hian an chunga thuneitu sorkar mi tlemte laka invennan an ngaihtuah chhuah a ni a, thuneihna nei vauhbik mitlemte hian an duhdan in Dan leh hrai an lek kawh thin a vang pawh a ni. Human Rights chuan chu thuneihna chu a khuahkhirh tlat a ni. Human Rights Philosopher lartak Mr. Jack Donnelly chuan “Human Rights hi khua leh tui mimaltin tan, awmze nei taka ram thuneihna do let nan, mipui siam hmanrua a ni” a ti. Ram pakhata cheng khua leh tui te hi ram Dan hnuaiah an awm tur a ni a, Human Rights erawh chu ram Dan chungah a leng tur a ni. Kum zabi 18 leh 19 vel khan Human Rights hi Natural Law atanga rawn piang a ni a, ram Dan hnuaia khuahkhirh chi a ni lo an ti thin. Natural Law hi chiang taka hrilhfiah theih a nihloh avangin Human Rights pawh a huamchin sawi fel theih a ni lova, chuvangin UN Charter te leh International level thuthlung te chauh kan huam tir dawn a ni.

1945 kum San Francisco, U.S.A ah “Charter of the United Nations”bill an siam lai khan NGO te, Hmeichhe pawl hrang hrang te, Kuthnathawk pawl hrang hrang te, Sakhaw pawl hrang hrang te leh U.N.O member ram hrang hrang te’n tangrualin U.N Charter-ah Human Rights hi telh ve nise tiin an rawt a, Human Rights hi International level a humhalh a tul a ni tiin, Dan leh hrai anga chipchiar taka siama kengkawh turin, bill an pulut a, 26^th June1945 ah Charter chu an sign thei ta a ni. Chu Charter thuhmahruai ah chuan he khawvelhuap pawlin a thiltum bulberah ‘hmeichhia leh mipa te intluktlanna hnuaiah mihringte’n zahawmna leh hlutna neiin Human Rights-a rinna tinghet leh’ a tum thu a tarlang a. Charter a Article (1) naah ‘Khawvel pumhuap thawhhona hnuaiah hnam/ chibing, sex, tawng hman leh sakhua inthleihranna awm lovin mi zawng zawng tan Human Rights leh Freedom zah leh chawisan tum’ a nih thu tarlan a ni a, Article (55) naah pawh chutiang thu tarlan a ni leh a, Article (56) naah chu thiltum tihlawhtling turin U.N.O member ram zawng zawng hnenah ngen a ni leh a ni.

U.N.O hnuaia awm ECOSOC (Economics and Social Council) chuan UN Charter a Article (68) na in Special Commission din a phal angin‘Commission on Human Rights’ (1945) chu a din a, UN Charter a Human Rights leh Freedom awmzia hrihfiah turin 1946 kum ah ‘The International Bill of Human Rights’ chu an khawih tan a, 1948 June thlaah an zova, 10^th December 1948, France ram Paris khawpui a UN General Assembly-ah nemnghetin, ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) chu mi zawng zawng leh ram zawng zawng tan an puangchhuak ta a ni.

He Universal Declaration of Human Rights hi mihringte dikna leh chanvo humhalh leh chawisanna lama hmalakna zawng zawng innghahna lungphum angin vawiin thlengin hman a ni a, mihringin kan mamawh a loh a kan awm theih loh Citizen Right te, Political Right te, Economics Right te, Social leh Cultural Right te a khaikhawm vek a ni. Chubakah a chhunga thumaltin hi chipchiar takin hrilhfiah leh Charter a siam te an ni a, ram hrang hrang ten an Danpui chhungah ziak lut tin ramkhat level rorelnaah pawh awmzia riltak a nei tawh a ni. He thupuanchhuah hi ramkhat level inkaihhruaina mai ni lovin khawvel huap mi zawng zawng mawhphurhna, dikna leh chanvo a ni tih a lang a, mi tu lakahmah lakhran leh thenhran theih a ni lo tih Human Rights thurin a lang bawk a, ramdang awpbetna (Colonial Rule) hnuaia awm mi maktaduai tamtak ten mahni inrelbawlna (Self determination) chu 1950 leh 1960 inkarah an neih phah bawk a ni.

‘The International Conference on Human Rights’ 1968 kum Tehran khawpui a neihah khan khawvel pumhuap thlawpna thatak a hlawh a, chutah chuan lungrual takin, inchhuhsak theihloh leh bawhchhiatsak theihloh right (Inalienable and inviolable rights) te an pass a, chumi hnu kum 25-ah Austria ram Vienna khawpuiah 14-25 June 1993 khan ‘The World Conference on Human Rights’ neih leh a ni a, chutah chuan ram 171 in lungrual takin ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ thupuan chhuah hi mitin leh hnam tin lakah tihlawhtling theingei turin, ‘United Nation High Commissioner for Human Rights’, ‘United Nation Sub-Committee on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities’ leh ‘United Nation Commission on the Status of Women’ te din a ni. Heng thiltumte hlenchhuah nan U.N.O leh ram hrang hrang sorkar ten bawhzui turin ruahmanna siam a ni.

Human Rights Kalh zawnga Asia khawmuala ngaihdan awm te:-

Asia khawmuala awm ram thanglai (Developing Country) thenkhat chuan Human Rights hi khawthlang ram mite ngaihdan pakhat ve mai leh Human Rights ngaihdan puanzar pawh hi khawthlang ram Culture thehdarhna mai niin an hria a ni. Asia khawmual hian mahnipualin Culture, Tradition leh Custom te (Asia Value) an nei a, khawvel zahtlakin a chungnung ve tho an ti thin. Kum sawm liamta atangin Asia Value hi an sawi vul viau tawh a ni.

Asia khawmualah Asia mite mize milin Human Rights a hran awm ve se tih ngaihdan a awm a. Culture inanloh avangin Asia khawmuala mite inpawhtawnna (Relation); mimal inkar, mimal leh sorkar inkar te hi khawthlang ram mite nen a inanglo hle an ti thin a ni. Asia Society-ah chuan Vatlang (Community) an dah chungnung hle a, khawthlang ramah chuan mimal (Individual) an dah chungnung zawk an ti thin. Mimal dah chungnun avangin maltlatna (Individualism) a hringchhuak thei a, chu aichuan chhungkua a awmkhawm leh mahni hnam nunphung hnuaia khawsak ho hi Asia khawmuala ram thenkhat ten an thlang zawk a ni. Chuvangin khawthlang nunphung Human Rights hi za a za kan lak chhawn vek a ngaikherlo an ti thin a ni. Chubakah UDHR hi thuthlung a ni lova signature pawh kan pe lova, thupuan mai a ni a binding force pawh a nei ve lova, zawmlo mah ila a pawi chuang lo an ti thin a ni.

Asia khawmual a Human Rights pawlhrang hrang te leh Human Rights mithiam ten chu ngaihdan chu an pawm lem lo. Human Rights hi khawvel mihring zawng zawng a huap zo tur a ni an ti tlat. Asia khawmuala Human Rights expert Yash Ghai chuan ‘mimal aiin vantlang dah chungnung zawk tur a ni tih hi Theory zawng chuang a fuh hmel viau a, Practical ah chuan ram leh hnam tan tiin vantlang hamthatna kawng an dang chep zawk a ni. Mipui tan tiin vantlang khuahkhirhna dan an siam a, zalen taka thusawi theihna (Freedom of Speech) leh zalen taka mipui punkhawm theihna (Right to Peaceful Assembly) te an khuahkhirh thin a, ram leh hnam pawi a khawih thei tih chhuanlam siamin vantlang mipuiin Social leh Political Activity an neih te an inkhap sak thin a ni’ a ti.

Human Rights hi kan hnam nun nen a inmil theilo tia sawisel thin sorkar/ pawl tamtak hi chu an khua leh tui te chunga khauh taka thuneina lekkawh duh vang an ni deuh zel a, Human Rights Danin a pek dikna leh chanvo hmanga miin an chunga thuneihna lekkawh tute lakah zawhna an zawt let thei dawn a, an thuneihna pawh an khuahkhirh thei dawn tih an hrelawk vang a ni. Hnam nungphung leh ziarang inan lohna avangin Human Rights hriatthiamdan pawh tlemin a danglam ve hret thei a ni. Hnam nunphung hi hnamin a duh angin a phuah a, a nunpui a, chu chu hnam nunphung a lo ni ta a ni. Chuvangin phuahchawp hnam nunphung chhuanlamah siamin khua leh tuite pianpui dikna leh chanvo hlutak paihbosak tumna hi thil dik a nithei dawn em ni? Hmasang kan pi leh pute’n Human Rights an hre ve ngailo, feltakin an inrelbawl thei ve tho, Human Rights a awm chinah buaina a tam mai mai tiin an sawisel ve thin a. A dik e, kan pi leh pute hunlaiin zirna hmun te a awm ve lo, zirna lam buaina (Educational Problem) pawh a awm chhuang lo. Hmanlai leh tunlai a inang tawh lova, tunlaiah lehkha thiamlo chu rualbanlohna chikhat a ni tawh a, chu ang bawkin Human Rights awmlohna hmun pawh hremhmun chikhat a ni. Tunlai mihring khawsak inrelbawlna (Society) changkangah chuan Society kaihruai turin sorkar/ Governmental Organization (Main Actor Group) an awm a, a mah tanpui leh tawiawm turin tlawmngai pawl/ Non-Governmental Organization (Supporter Group) an awm a, an thiltih endik leh khalhngil turin tlawmngaipawl (Pressure Group) an awm bawk a, chung karah mitinin mahni pianpui dikna leh chanvo an humhalh theihnan Human rights Dan pawh a awm tur a ni.

Asia khawmuala sorkar thenkhat chuan Economics Development nei turin Civil and Political Rights khuahkhirh a tul niin an hria a. Heng zalenna te hian ram hmasawnna a ti thuanawp niin an hria. 1993 kum Vienna khawpuia ‘The World Conference on Human Rights’ ah khan sawiho tur thupui pathum an thlangchhuak a:

Ram thang mek te hian Economics Development nei turin an bei hmasa ang nge, Civil and Political Rights nei turin an bei hmasa ang?
Economics Development nei turin beih hmasak a, Civil and Political Rights hrekbeh hrih hi a dik em?
Civil and Political Rights tel lovin Economics Development dik leh tluantlin a awm thei lo tih hi a dik em?

Heng thupui pathumah hian Asia khawmuala ram hruaitu thenkhat chuanNo.2-na hi ‘dik’ tiin an tang a, Singapore palai Lee Kuang Yu (a hunlaia Prime Minister) chuan hma hruaiin, Asia Value tlawhchhanin sawihona an nei a, ‘Bill of Lee Kuang Yu’ an ti hial a ni. India mithiam Nobel Prize for Economics dawngtu Prof. Dr. Amartya Sen chuan Civil and Political Rights tel lovin Economics Development dik leh tluantling a awm theihloh thu a lehkhabu ‘Democracy as Freedom’ ah a tarlang a. Burma Democratics Leader, Nobel Price for Peace dawngtu Aung San Suu Kyi chuan Burma ram Economics Development tungding leh turin Civil and Political Rights a awm hmasak a ngai a ni tiin Lee Kuang Yu nen an inkawmnaah a sawi chhuak ve a ni. Hun in thil a herchhuahpui zel a, Khawvel thil thleng tawh te atanga thlirin ‘Dictator Sorkar enkawlna ramah Economics Development awm theihna chance a tlem a, ram rethei an ni deuh zel’ a ni. Civil and Political Rights hupbet a Economics Development beivak mai Asia ram pahnih, Philippine leh Indonesia ram pawh an tluchhe mai bakah mipuiin Democracy zalenna ngenin thisen chhuah hnuah sorkar thar an siam theihram a ni. Ngaihdan nem leh zalenna neitam ram a piangah Economics Development awm theihna chance a tam a, ram changkang pawh an ni deuh zel a ni.

Human Rights hi Human Dignity (Mihring zahawmna/ ropuina) a ni a, Human Rights kan tih hian Human Dignity pumhuap a thlir a ngai a ni. Ram khat sorkar thuneitute hian an khua leh tui te zalenna, ei-barna kawnga phuisuina te a pe tur a ni a, mihring zahawmna nena nung khawsathei turin mawh a phur bawk a ni. Mi a retheih chuan a nun a zalen lova, a retheihna a sawichhuah theih loh chuan (khuahkhirhna avangin) retheina lak ata a talchhuak thei dawn silo a ni. Chuvangin Human Rights zalenna hi retheihna lakata min chhanchhuak thei tu pakhat a ni.

Hnam nunphung tinah Human Rights basic principle a awm vek a, Human Rights dodal zawng hnam nunphung tlem a awm ve. Entirnan:- Africa khawmual a hnam thenkhat chuan an hnam dan angin hmeichhe serh an tan sak thin. (thirsa in hmeichhe serh an dep sak thin). Middle East ram thenkhat ah pawh inhrem nan taksa peng (kut, ke, lei etc) an tan sak thin. Tupawhin mahni hnam nunphung hi mawi kan tiin kan hmangaih theuh ang a, kan hnam nunphung hian hnam zahawm leh Human Dinity nei hnamah min chawichhuak zo em? tia inen let pawh a tha a ni. Tin mimal tinin vantlang (Community) a siam a, mimal awm lovin vantlang a awm thei lo. Mimal nun kan humhalh a kan chawisan chuan, vantlang nun humhalh a sawisanna a ni. Tin mimal dikna leh chanvo (Individual Rights) chawisanna hian hmeithai, fahrah leh rualbanlo te a dawm kang thei zawk a ni. Miteber pawh vantlang zing a mi a ni a, Human Dignity nen kan enkawla kan chawisan a tul a ni.

International Laws: International Law hi khawvel ramhrang hrangte thuruala an zawmtlan tur leh thawhhona atana siam ‘Khawvel huap Dan’ a ni. Ramkhat thuneitu ten an ram chhungah an duhdanin Dan an siama ramdang inrawlh ngaithei lovin an ram chhungah lal an hrawt a, ramdang leh thenawm ramte zahpah leh pawisakna neilova khawsakna te leh chhiatni-thatniah te pawh ramdang nen thawhho duhlohna te ti bo turin International Law awm a ngai a ni tih ngaihdan atanga lo piang a ni. Ramkhat sorkar hrang hrangten an duh angin Dan an zam a, dan thuziak fel takah an chantir hnuah remtihna thuthlung an sign thin a ni. Tichuan chu dan chu khawvel ram hrang hrangte zawmtura siam Dan a nih vangin International Law a lo ni ta a ni. Chu Dan a hming sign tawh ram chuan dan hnuaiah an intulut a, an ram dan (National Law) ah te awmzia an neihtir thin a ni.

Tunlai khawvelah chuan International Law hian sorkar lakah mai ni tawh lovin mimal lakah pawh awmzia a nei tawh a ni. Ram inpawhtawnna (International Relation) a sang chho zel angin mimal inpawhtawnna pawh a sang chho zel a, sorkar laka mimal pawimawhna pawh a sang ve zel bawk a, International Law pawh a pawimawh tual tual a ni. Tunhma chuan International Law in a tum chu ramkhat sorkar level a thawhhona mai hi a ni. Ramkhat han tih hian Montevideo Agreement-in a tarlan danin ram pakhat nitur chuan:-

1. Ramchhunga chengnghet khua leh tui a nei tur a ni.

2. Ramri feltak a nei tur a ni.

3. Rorel thei sorkar ngelnghet a nei tur a ni.

4. Ramdang nen inlaichinna a nei tur a ni.

5. Ramdang hriatpuina (Recognition) a nei tur a ni, tiin a hrilhfiah a ni.

International Law in a tum leh chu UNESCO (United Nation’s Education, Science and Culture Organization) te ILO (International Labor Organization) te leh Amnesty International te ang sorkar nilo pawl lian tak tak te nena thawh ho a ni leh a, tun hnuah chuan vantlang mipui (People) nen thawh ho a tum leh a ni. Montevideo Agreement a ram pakhat awmzia hrilhfiahna ah khan mipui hi an pawimawh ber a, ramkhat leh ramkhat inlaichinna pawh hi mipui leh mipui inlaichinna (Peoples to Peoples relation) a ni berin an hria a ni. UN Charter-ah mipui dinhmun tarlan a ni a, chuchuan International Law-ah mipui an hriatpui tawh a ni tih a ti lang a ni. A hnuhnungbera an hriatpui leh chu mimal (Individual) a ni. Universal Declaration of Human Rights-ah pawl mimal dikna leh chanvo an rawn hriatpui tih kan hmuthei a, he International Law hian michaklo te humhalh a an dikna leh chanvo haichhuah sak hi a tum ber pawh a ni. Chuvangin International Law hi eng nge a nih a, engtia thiltithei nge a nih zirchian a tha a ni.

International Law-ah ramtinin zawm tur Dan pawimawh pahnih a nei a, chu dan chu ramtin an intluktlang a ni tih leh ram-thuneihna (Sovereignty) inzahtawn sak tur te a ni. Ramtin intluktlanna dan hi ramlian leh ramte te dikna leh chanvo ah an intluktlang tihna a ni a, U.N.O member ram ngat phei chu intluktlang vek a ngaih sa an ni. Sovereignty inzahtawn tur dan hi chhuanlama hmangin Dictator sorkar leh Human Rights bawhchhe ram sorkar ten Human Rights humhalh pawl rawn lut leh an thiltih te an sawisel thin a, an thuneihna zahlo leh palzamah an puh let thin a ni. Mahse tunhnuah chuan Human Rights pawl hmalakna hi ramkhat thuneihna zahlo leh palzama puh theih a ni tawh lo. Human Rights bawhchhiatna hi ram pakhat chhungkua buaina mai ah ngaih a ni tawh lova, International Law bawhchhia an ni a, khawvel remna leh muanna tichhiaah International Law chuan a pawm tlat tawh a ni.

International Law hi ramkhat dan (National Law) nen khaikhin chuan a chau/ chaklo hle a ni. National Law hi ramkhat rorelkhawlin a siam a, chu dan leh hrai chu kengkawh turin Court leh Police te an awm a, thiltisualtu chu Court-in an phutawkin a hrem mai thin a ni. International Law-ah chuan Dan siam mai turin International Perliament a awm lova, dan leh hrai kenkawhna lamah pawh hmalak a chak theihrihlo a ni. Thil tisual tu ram emaw mimal emaw pawh an phutawka hrem a la harsa rih a ni. International Law hi thuthlung chihrang hrang (Covenant, Charter, Convention, Agreement etc) a ni a, thuthlung han tih hian ramhnih thuthlung te (eg. India leh China ramhnih thuthlung etc), bial khat thuthlung te (Asia khawmual Human Rights thuthlung etc) leh Khawvel huap thuthlung te (Zalen taka tuifinriat hmandan tur thuthlung etc) a ni.

International Law-ah ram pakhatin a sign ve a nih chuan, chu dan chu ka zawm ang tia intiamna a ni. Chutia sign ve ram chuan a ram dan neihsa leh a sign-na International Law chu lo inkalh ta se, a ram dan chu a siam tha ve leh mai tur a ni.

International Law hi National Law tluka chak turin mi tlawmngai ten hma an la nasa hle a, an hmalakna zarah tunah chuan ICJ (International Court of Justice) leh ICC (International Criminal Court) te pawh Permanent Court angin a awm tawh a ni. ICJ hi khawvel huap Civil Court a ni a, ram hnih inkar thuthlung te a khawih in a buaipui a. ICC hi khawvel huap Criminal Court a ni a, hnam insuatna (Genocide) te, Mihring laka sualna (Crimes against humanity) te, remna dodal zawnga sualna (Crimes against Peace) te a buaipuiin a ching fel dawn a ni. International Law bawhchhia an awm chuan an bawhchhiatdan a zirin ICJ a kal tur leh ICC a kal tur thliar hran mai tur a ni a, an bawhchhiatna thuthlung leh thuthlunga sign ve ram dangte ngaihdanah pawh a innghat ve bawk a ni. Ramthenkhat chuan Court-a inlan mai an hrehloh laiin ram thenkhat erawh chuan an inlan duh hauh lo a ni. Court thuneina a nep hrih avangin Court thuremna pawmduhlo pawh an la awm nual a. Chuvangin International Level-in Pressure (nekchepna) an pe thin a ni.

Pressure an pek dan han thlir ta ila, a hmasa in Human Rights bawhchhetu ram chu an bawhchhiat dan khawvel hriat/ hmuh a pholan a tih mualpho a ni. Tichuan chu ram chuan a thiltih bansan a, a Policy tih danglam emaw a bawhchhiatlohzia insawifiah a tul a ni. A bawhchhe zel a nih chuan Economics, Politics leh International relation thleng block leh cut off thin a ni a, a tawpah tharum thawh a thunun mai pawh an ti thin a. A tul chuan UN Security Council-ah ngen theih reng a ni.

International Human Rights Laws: UNO din a nih kum 1945 atang khan member ram te’n an thawhho dan tur hi Human Rights-a innghat a thawk ho tur niin ngaihdan an nei a. Dictator sorkarten an khua leh tuite laka Human Rights an bawhchhiatna venhim dan kawng an zawnaah khawvel huap Dan siama venhim an tum ta a ni. International Human Rights Laws an siam khan khawvel huap Human Rights standard pakhat siam a ni a, chu standard nenna inmila nun hi an tum ta a ni. Human rights thuthlunga sign tawh ramte chu Human Rights Danin a phuar tawh avangin an khua leh tuite lakah an rapbet thei tawh dawn lo a ni.

International Human Rights Law hi sorkar level mai ni tawh lovin pawl leh mimal tinah awmzia a nei pha vek tawh a. Chuvangin he Dan hnuaiah mi tupawh a rights bawhchhiatsak a nih chuan UNO leh International levela action la turin a ngen thei tawh dawn a ni. Tun dinhmunah chuan Human Rights Dan hmanga action lak hi a la tlana vak lova, International pressure erawh chu a tla na tha hle a ni. Chuvangin mitupawh Human Rights Dan hmanga a inhumhim theihnan Human Rights a hriat a tul a ni.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

U.N.O hnuaia awm ECOSOC Schuan UN Charter a Article (68)-na in Special Commission din a phal angin ‘Commission on Human Rights’ (1945) chu a din a, Eleanor Roosevelt ( America President Roosevelt-a nupui) chu chairman a ni. UN Charter a Human Rights leh Freedom awmzia hrihfiah turin 1946 kum ah ‘The International Bill of Human Rights’ chu an khawih tan a, Judge Rene Cassin (Nobel Prize for Peace -1968 dawngtu French-mi) leh a pawlte’n Human Rights thupuan chu an ziak a, 1948 June thlaah an zova, 10^th December 1948, France ram Paris khawpui a UN General Assembly-ah nemnghetin,‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) chu mi zawng zawng leh ram zawng zawng tan an puangchhuak ta a ni. Chung hunlaiin U.N.O chuan member ram 56 a nei a, ram 48 chuan an thlawp a, ram 8-in (Belarus, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Ukraine, Soviet Union leh Yugoslavia) vote an pe lova, pawmpui theilo ram awm lovin nem ngheh a ni. Member thar lolut ten he thupuan hi pawmpui ngei tura beisei an ni.

He Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ah hian Human Rights thutlangpui ziah lan a ni a, heihi thuthlung ni lovin thupuan a nih avangin UNO member ramte’n ka zawmang tia intiamna hming sign a ngai hran chuang lova, he thupuan vawng tha turin mawhphurhna an neivek zawk a ni. He thuthlung hi UN Charter a nih loh chuan eng thuthlung leh eng Dan mahin a khawih che tur a ni lo. UDHR hi sorkar pakhatin Human Rights a zah em tih enfiahna tehkhawng a ni a, UN General Assembly leh Security Council te’n reference ah an hmang a, International Law-ah te, ramkhat Constitution-ah te, rorelna hmunah te reference-ah an hmang thin a ni.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights-ah hian Civil Rights, Political Rights, Economics Rights, Social Rights leh Cultural Rights te ziah lan a ni a, Article 30 a awm a ni. Article (1) leh (2) ah Human Rights awmzia leh ngaihdan a hrilhfiah a, Article (3) atang (16) leh Article (18) atang (21) ah Civil leh Political Rights tarlan a ni a, Article (17) leh Article (22) atang (27) thleng Economics, Social leh Cultural Rights te tarlan a ni a, Article (28) atang (30) thleng heng rights zawng zawng zahtur thu te, midang rights inzahsak tur thu te, rights bawhchhiat loh tur thute tarlan a ni.

Civil Rights hi sorkar thuneitute laka khua leh tuite’n an rights neihsa, zalenna leh nungdama awm theihna te pawng tihbuaina laka humhim theihna rights hi a ni. Entirnan:- Nungdama awm theihna, Himna, Zalenna, Zalen taka zinvah theihna, Dan humhimna etc.

Political Rights hi sorkar hmalakna leh sorkar hnathawhna a khua leh tuite telve theihna a ni. Entirnan:- Election a vote thlak theihna, Candidate theihna, Sorkar Policy-a telve leh hriatpui theihna, zalen taka thusawi theihna, Chanchinbu mite zalenna leh zalen taka awmkhawm theihna etc.

Economics, Social leh Cultural Rights hi mihring khawsakhona nunphung te kawnghrang hranga chawisan theihna rights a ni. Entirnan:- lehkha zir theihna, hnathawh theihna, hriselna vanga hna atanga chawlh lak theihna, hna inangah hlawh inang lak theihna, mahni hnamdan leh tawng humhalh theihna etc.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(Abbreviated)

(English) (Mizo)

Article 1 Article 1

Right to Equality Intluktlanna

Article 2 Article 2

Freedom from Discrimination Inthliarhranna laka zalenna

Article 3 Article 3

Right to life, liberty, Personal Security Nungdama awm theihna, Zalenna, Himna

Article 4 Article 4

Freedom from Slavery Sal laka zalenna

Article 5 Article 5

Freedom from Torture and Degrading Nghaisakna leh Inhmuhsitna laka zalenna

Treatment

Article 6 Article 6

Right to recognition as a Person before Dan hmaah zahawmna nei mipakhat anga the Law hriatpuina

Article 7 Article 7

Right to Equality before the Law Dan hma a intluktlanna

Article 8 Article 8

Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal Rights humhalh turin rorelna hmun rawih

theihna

Article 9 Article 9

Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile Pawngman leh pawng hnawhchhuahna laka

zalenna

Article 10 Article 10

Right to fair Public Hearing Vantlang hriatpui theih rorelna

Article 11 Article 11

Right to be Considered Innocent until Sual finfiah hma a mifel ang a pawm theihna

Proven Guilty

Article 12 Article 12

Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Mimal, chhungkua, chenna leh lehkha thawn

Family, Home and Correspondence a zalenna

Article 13 Article 13

Right to Free Movement in and out of Ramchhung leh pawnna zalen taka kal

the Country theihna

Article 14 Article 14

Right to Asylum in other Countries from Innghaisakna vanga ram pawnna himna

Persecution zawn theihna

Article 15 Article 15

Right to Nationality and the Freedom to Khua leh tui nihtheina leh zalen taka

Change it thlakthleng theihna

Article 16 Article 16

Right to Marriage and Family Nupui-pasal neih leh chhungkua din theihna

Article 17 Article 17

Right to Own Property Mahnipuala thilneih theihna

Article 18 Article 18

Freedom of Belief and Religion Rinna leh Sakhua zalenna

Article 19 Article 19

Freedom of Opinion and Information Ngaihdan leh chanchin lakna a zalenna

Article 20 Article 20

Right of Peaceful Assembly and Zalen taka punkhawm leh Pawldin theihna

Association

Article 21 Article 21

Right to Participate in Government Sorkar inrelbawlna a telve theihna leh zalen

and Free Election taka inthlan theihna

Article 22 Article 22

Right to Social Security Vantlang nunhimdam neihtheihna

Article 23 Article 23

Right to Desirable Work and to Hna duhzawng thawh leh hnathawktute

Joint Trade Unions pawl zawmtheina

Article 24 Article 24

Right to Rest and Leisure Chawlh hahdam leh hunawl neihtheihna

Article 25 Article 25

Right to Adequate Living Standard Nun phuisui neih theihna

Article 26 Article 26

Right to Education Lehkha zirtheihna

Article 27 Article 27

Right to participate in the Cultural Life Mahni chenna hnam nunphunga telve

of Community theihna

Article 28 Article 28

Right to a Social Order that Articulates He thupuan vantlang zinga hman theihna

this Document

Article 29 Article 29

Community Duties Essential to free and Vantlang rawngbawl theihna

Full Development

Article 30 Article 30

Freedom from State or Personal Sorkar leh mimal laka rights zalenna

Interference in the above Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights hi Dan pakhat anga nei turin a famkim tawk lova, khawvel huap mihringte nunchan tehkhawng (Moral Ethics) a ang zawk mah a ni. Tunah chuan khawvel mipuiin an pawm tha vek tawh a, International Tradition ah a chang chho ve mek zel a ni. UDHR mai hi duhtawk lovin a tichaktu leh tifamkimtu atan Human Rights Laws pahnih, UDHR tluka ngaihpawimawh hlawh tur an siam leh tawh a ni. Chu bakah UDHR behchhanin Human Rights thuthlung leh Dan peng tamtak siam a ni a, a then chu hman tangkai pui tawh te, a then chu pawmpuia nemngheh tawh te leh a thenchu bill kalpuimek te an ni. Human Rights Laws te hi pawmpui mai duhtawk lovin a bawhchhetu te Dan anga hrem turin mi thahnemngai ten hma an la zel a, an thawh rah atan 17^th July 1998 Italy ram Rome khawpuiah‘International Criminal Court’ (ICC) chu permanent Court anga nei reng tawh turin ‘Rome Statute’ pass a ni. ICC hi UN Court dangte anglo takin Dan bawhchhia sorkar mai ni tawh lovin mimal thlengin a hrem tawh dawn a ni. He Court lo pianna Rome Statute-ah UNO member ram 120 ten pawmpuina thuthlungah hming an sign nghal a, a hnu kum 2002 thlengin ram 66 ten hming an rawn sign leh avangin thuthlung chu lo nung theiin 11^th March 2003 kumah International Criminal Court chu Nether land ram ‘The Hedge’ khawpuiah Permanent Court ni turin a lo piang ta a ni. Chu Court chuan nasa taka Human Rights bawhchhe tute an phutawkin a hrem tawh dawn a ni. Nasa taka Human Rights Bawhchhiatna te chu:- Hnam insuatna te, a huhova tualthahna te, Mihringchite nungdama awm theihna laka vauna chihrang hrang te leh khawvel remna khawihbuai thei vauna te a ni.

International Human Rights Law pahnih

Universal Declaration of Human Rights hlenchhuak leh tichakthei turin Human Rights thuthlung ropui pahnih 16^th December 1966 kumah a lo piang a, chu thuthlung te chu ‘International Covenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights’ (ICESCR) leh ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ (ICCPR) te an ni. UN General Assembly chuan UDHR, ICESCR leh ICCPR te hi International Bill of Human Rights tiin a ko vek a ni.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights atang Human Rights thuthlung dang chihnih a lo pianchhuahdan zirchian chuan Human Rights laka ngaihdan chihnih awm (Individual Rights leh Collective Rights) a hmuh theih a. UDHR buatsaih lai kha Capitalist (Democracy) ramte leh Communist ramte inep (Cold War) hun lai a ni a, U.S.A kaihhruai Market Economics system ngaina pawl Western Democracy ramte chuan Individual Rights hi an ngaina a, Civil and Political Rights hi an sawi uar thin a ni. Europe leh America khawmual a Human Rights revolution te hi Civil leh Political Rights deuh vek an ni a, UDHR ziakpawl hruaitu te pawh chu ngaihdan tawmpuitu te an ni deuh vek a, UDHR Article (30) awmah Article (1) atang Article (21) thleng hi Individual Rights (Civil and Political Rights) lamhawi vek a ni.

Communist ramte chuan Individual Rights hi Capitalist te duhthusam, Market Economics system tanpuitu hmanrua pakhat maiah ngaiin an duhkhawp lova, Collective Rights (Economics, Social and Cultural Rights) hi an dah pawimawh zawka, UDHR-ah ziaklut turin an nawr ve a, UDHR-a Article (22) atang Article (27) thleng hi Collective Rights (Economics, Social and Cultural Rights) te an ni. Individual Rights leh Collective Rights te UDHR a telve mai duhkhawp lovin a aia kimchang zawka neithei turin Human Rights thuthlung pahnih siam belh leh a ni.

Individual Rights ngaina zawk Western Democracy ramte’n ICCPR thuthlungah hming an sign a, Collective Rights ngaina zawk Socialist leh Communist ramte’n ICESCR thuthlungah hming an sign ve a ni. He Human Rights thuthlung pahnihah hian hming sign kawp ram te, pakhat chauh a hming sign ram te leh a khawiah mah hming sign ve duh lo ram te an awm a. Thuthlung pahnih a hming sign kawp ram zingah Scandinavian ram te, European ram thenkhat te leh Third world ram thenkhat te an tel hlawm a, an hming signna thuthlung zawm tha zingah Scandinavian ramte an langsar a, sign kawp ve si a thuthlung bawhchhe ber ramte chu Afghanistan leh Cambodia te an ni. Thuthlung pahnih a hming sign ve duh lo leh Human Rights bawhchhe ber ramah Burma ram a lar hle a ni.

He thuthlung pahniha hming sign hi a harsa ngang a ni ang. Human Rights law a pian kum 1966 atang kum sawm chhungin ram 35 chauh in hming an sign a, 1976 kumah a rawn nung chhuak ve thei hram a ni. Chung hunlai chuan Human Rights hi ramkhat chhungkaw thil a ngaih ni thin mahse an hming signna avangin International level-a Human Rights enkawl thei turin kawngka a inhawng ve thei ta chu a ni.

Thuthlung siam dan

International Law a thuthlung an siam dawnin a hmasa ber atan chu an thuthlun tur chu tha an tia an pawmpuina ‘Signature’ pek phawt tur a ni. Signature petu tur chu ram inrelbawl dan a zirin Head of State emaw Head of Government in an pe tur a ni. He signature pekna hian remtihna leh pawmpuina mai bakah kan ram National law-ah kan la ziak lut ang tiin awmzia an neih tir thin a ni. Chumi hnuah ‘Ratification’ tih leh tur a ni a, he thuthlung hi kan zawm ngei ang tia intiamna thuthlunga hming sign leh hi a ni. Ratification tihhnuah chauh chu ram chu thuthlung member rama pawm theih a ni ang.

Thuthlung thenkhat hi chu siamfel vek a nih hnuah pawh a nung (Entry into force) mai theilova, a nun theihna khawp member neih te a ngai thin a ni. Entirnan- ICCPR leh ICESCR te hi 1966 kumah siam fel vek a ni a, mamawh khawp member an neih hun 1976 kumah chauh thuthlung hi a nung thei a ni.

Thuthlung a lo nun hnuah ram pakhat chuan zawmve tumin a ratified a, churam chu thuthlung member ram a rawn ni (Accession) ta a ni.

Thuthlunga hming sign ve ram thenkhat ten thuthlunga thuhla zawng zawng pawmvek lovin a then a lai dahban (Reservation) neiin an pawpui ve thin bawk a, Reservation nei tam ber thuthlung chu ‘Covenant on Elimination of all kinds of Discrimination Against Woman’ (CEDAW) thuthlung hi a ni.

Ram then khat chuan thuthlung bulpui a sign siin a belchhahlehna‘Protocol’ ah an sign duhlo thin a ni. Entirnan- ICCPR a hming sign siin a belhchhahna Protocol pahnihah hming sign duhlo ram an awm nual a. ICCPR Protocol (1)-naah chuan Human Rights Committee-ah mimal anga Direct Complaint thehluh phal a ni a, chu vangin ICCPR a hming sign tawh Protocol a hming sign duh ta lo ram an awm nual a ni. India ram pawh ICCPR ah hming sign in Protocol-ah a sign lo a ni.

Mahni Duhthu a Human Rights thuthlunga hming sign a, thuthlung dan zawh famkim hi thuthlungin a tumber chu a ni. UNO hnuaia Human Rights thuthlung tamtaka hming sign ram (Signatory States) te’n an thuthlung an zawm tha em tih endik turin thuthlung committee din a ni thin a, entirnan- Child Rights thuthlunga signatory states te’n thuthlung an zawm tha em tih endik turin Child Rights thuthlung Committee-in mawhphurhna an la ang a, chutiang bawkin CEDAW thuthlunga Signatory States te’n thuthlung an zawm tha em tih endik turin CEDAW Committee chuan mawhphurna a la ang. Chutianga mawhphurhna la tu thuthlung Committee kha ‘Treaty Bodies’ tia koh an ni.

Thuthlung ka zawm ang tia intiama hming sign tawh ram, Signatory State te’n thuthlung an zawma an hmalakna te a hundiktakah hlah lova report pe turin mawphurhna an nei a ni. An thuthlunna a zirin report pekdan pawh a inang lova, dan naranin hming sign atang kum khat emaw kum hnih emaw-ah report hmasaber pek tur a ni ang a, chumi hnu a regular report chu kumthum danah emaw kumli danah emaw pekreng tawh tur a ni ang.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Civil and Political Rights hi UDHR-ah Article (1) atang Article (21) thleng tarlan a ni. He thuthlung hi 1966 kum a siam fel a ni a, 23^rd March 1976 kumah ratified a ni. ICCPR-ah hian Article (53) a awm a, Article (6) atang Article (27) thleng Civil and Political Rights te tarlan a ni a, hriat awlsam nan a tawi zawngin han tarlang ta ila:

Article-1. Mizawng zawngin mahni inrelbawl theihna (self-determination) an nei a, chu an right hmangin mahni Political status an siam fel thei ang a, Economics, Social leh Cultural development an zawngin an bawhzui thei ang.

Article-2. Thuthlung member ramte’n an ram chhung leh an thuneihna huam chhunga cheng mi tupawh he thuthlungin a pek dikna leh chanvo hi chibing, vun rawng, mipa leh hmeichhia nihna, tawng hman, sakhaw vawn, Politics emaw ngaih dan, khua leh tui nihna emaw an tobul (Social Origin), an thilneih, pian leh murna emaw thildangah te inthliarhranna awm lovin a pe tur a ni.

Article-3. Thuthlung member ramte’n mipa leh hmeichhia thliarhranna awm lovin dikna leh chanvo, Civil leh Political Rights intluktlangin an pe tur a ni.

Article-4. Public Emergency dinhmunah Sorkar thuneitute’n Rights thenkhat an thununin an khuahkhirh thei ang a, mahse nungdama awm theihna, Dan hmaa intluktlanna, zalen taka thu rin leh pawm theihna, nghaisakna laka zalenna, sal laka zalenna, leiba vanga intantirna laka zalenna, thubuai pakhata vawihnih inhremna laka zalenna te thunun leh khuahkhirhin a tikhawtlai tur a ni lo.

Article-5. He thuthlungin a tarlan dikna leh chanvote hi a khawlo zawnga hman khap a ni.

Article-6. Mi tupawh nungdama awm theihna an nei.

Article-7. Mi tupawh nghaisak, mihringlo taka tinawmnah leh hrem khap a ni.

Article-8. Mi tupawh sala zawrh, sala siam khap a ni.

Article-9. Mitinin zalenna leh himna chanvo an nei a, pawng inman theih a ni lo.

Article-10.Mi zalenna neilo te zah taka en tur a ni.

Article-11.Mi thutiam an hlenloh vang ringawtin Tan-In a khung theih an ni lo.

Article-12.Mi tupawh a chenna ram chhungah zalen takin zinvah leh chenhmun duhthlan theihna an nei a ni.

Article-13.Ramdang mi dan anga awmte hi danin a phal angin chhuah tir theih chauh an ni.

Article-14.Mi zawng zawng rorelna hmunah intluktlanna an nei vek a, sual proof-na awm hma chu sual neilo anga ngaih tur an ni ang.

Article-15.A hunlaia Dan-in a khap loh thil tih avangin a hnuah sual anga ngaih theih a ni lovang.

Article-16.Mitin hi dan hmaah zahawmna nei mi pakhat anga pawm tur a ni ang.

Article-17.Mi tu chungah mah an mimal thil, chhungkua, chenna hmun leh an lehkha thawnah te an zahawmna tibawrhbang leh danlo anga pawng inrawlh tur a ni lo.

Article-18.Mi tupawhin zalen takin ngaihtuahna neih, chhia leh tha hriatna hman leh sakhaw vawn theihna an nei.

Article-19.Mi tupawhin zalen taka ngaihdan neih leh an ngaihdante tarlan theihna an nei a ni.

Article-20.Indona, Hnam inhuatna, Sakhaw inhuatna, Inthliarhranna, Inhuatna leh buaina chawkchhuak leh a punlun zawnga thuthehdarhna te dan hmanga khap tur a ni.

Article-21.Zalen taka mipui vantlang punkhawm theihna hriatpui tur a ni.

Article-22.Mi tupawh zalen taka pawl din leh pawl a awm phal a ni.

Article-23.Kum tling tawh hmeichhia leh mipa te’n zalen takin chhungkua din, nupui-pasal neih theih a ni.

Article-24.Kum tlinglo naupangte dikna leh chanvo humhalhnaah inthliarhranna a awm tur a ni lova, khua leh tui nihna an neithei vek tur a ni.

Article-25.Khua leh tui tinin vantlang thilah telve theihna leh sorkar siamnaah vote pek leh candidate theihna an nei a ni.

Article-26.Dan hmaah mi zawng zawngin intluktlanna an nei vek a, inthliarhranna awm lovin dan humhalhna an chang tlang vek tur a ni.

Article-27.Ramchhunga cheng hnam tlem zawk, sakhawtlem zawk leh tawnghman tlem zawk te dikna leh chanvo hnawl lovin zalen takin an hmang thei tur a ni.

Article- 28 atang Article-53 thleng hi Human Rights Committee mawhphurhna leh chanvo te tarlan a ni.

ICCPR-a hming sign a pawmpui tawh ram 155 chuang an awm a ni. ICCPR hian Protocol pahnih a nei a, Protocol (1)-na hi 16^thDecember 1966 khan siam fel a ni a, 23^rd March 1976 kumah hman tan a ni. Protocol (1)-na in a tum ber chu thuthlung member rama mite’n Human Rights bawhchhiatna thilah mimal angin Human Rights Committee-ah Direct Complaint an thehlut theih thu a ni. Human right bawhchhiatna tuar (victim) te’n Protocol (1)-na a Article (1) in a phal angin Human Rights Committee-ah Complaint a theh lut ang a, Human Rights Committee-in enquiry a la ang a, Human right bawhchhiatna an hmuh chuan an thilhmuh ang chu Complaint-tu chenna ram thuneitu hnenah hriat tir a ni ang a, an pawm ve theingei turin hma an lak pui ang. A ram chhung Dan in a phal angin Human Rights bawhchhiatna chu chinfel tur a ni ang a, Human Rights Committee-in a chinfel sak tur chuan, a ramchhung Dan in a huap loh chinah chauh tiin Protocol (1)-na a Article (2) in a tarlang a ni.

Mimal Complaint-na hi ram thuneitute hriat tir a nih atanga thla (6) chungin ram thuneitute’n Human Rights Committee-ah Report an pe ngei tur a ni ang. Chu report-ah chuan Human rights bawhchhiatna thila an hmuhdan (finding) te, Action an lak dan te kim chang taka tarlan tur a ni ang. He mimal complaint-na leh a ram thuneitute report hi vantlang hriata puanzar a ngai lova, Complaint-tu leh ram thuneitute inkara chinfel sak mai tur a ni ang. Human Rights Committee chuan a thilhmuh leh a ngaihdan te chu Complaint-tu leh a ram thuneitu te hnenah hriattirna lehkha a pe leh ang. Thubuai kal dan leh chinfel dan zawng zawng chu UN General Assembly-ah ECOSOC (Economics and Social Council) in report a pe tur a ni ang. He ICCPR Protocol (1) hi ram (105) chuangin hming an sign a an pawmpui tawh a ni.

ICCPR Protocol (2)-na hi 1989 kumah buatsaih fel a ni a, 11^thJuly 1991 kumah hman tan a ni. Protocol (2)-na in a tum ber chu tihhlum theihna dan (Death Penalty) nuai bo a ni. Protocol (2)-na a Article (1) chuan thuthlung member ramte’n tu chungah mah Death Penalty hmang lo turin a fuih a ni. Chubakah member ramte’n mahni ram rorelna a death penalty awmsa pawh hi Kawng hrnag hrang hmanga nuaibo turin a fuih bawk a ni. ICCPR Protocol (2)-na hi ram (53)-in hming sign-in an pawmpui tawh a ni.

Human Rights Committee

ICCPR thuthlunga hming sign member ramte’n thuthlung an zawmtha em tih endik turin Committee din a ni a, chu Committee chu ICCPR thuthlung Committee ti mai lovin ‘Human Rights Committee’ an ti a ni. Chu Committee hnathawh ber chu member ramte’n thuthlung an zawm tha em tih en dik hi a ni.

Member ram atang mithiam 18 nen Committee din a ni a, Chu Committee hnathawh tur te chu (1). Thuthlung member ramte report chhiar leh endik. (2). Report bawhzui leh relfel. (3). Mimal complaint chhiar leh endik te a ni. Thuthlung member ramte’n thuthlunga hming an sign atang kum khat chhungin committee-ah report an pe tur a ni. An report pek te chu committee mipui hmaah chhiar tur a ni ang.

Ram khat sorkar palaiin report a pe a, Human Rights Committee-in chu report chu a endik a, a tuldana zirin fuihna thu te, thurawn te a pe thei a ni. Report an pek laiin palai dangte’n thu chiang zawk an hriat theihnan tawngkama zawhna zawh te, sawinawn tir leh te an tithei ang. Human Rights Committee chuan sorkar palai report bakah tul a tih chuan reference dang pawh a la thei ang a, chuvangin NGO te report pawh an pawm thei ang, mahse NGO te chuan official report an pe ve thei lovang. Chuvangin NGO ten committee memberte lakah thu an rawlhruk thin a, chu an thurawlhrukte a dika a tha a nih chuan Human Rights Committee chuan ram khat chunga thutlukna siam nan an hmang mai bawk thin a ni. Committee in a rorel dan leh a thutlukna siam hi concerned ram thuneitute hnenah ziakin a hriattir leh tur a ni. Committee chuan thuneihna lekkawh turin Enforcement Power a nei lo.

ICCPR Protocol (1) in a phal angin Human Rights thuthlung bawhchhiatsak an nihin mimal anga complaint-na chu committee-in a lo dawng sawng anga, chutah chuan thuthlung ram chhunga mi chauh committee in a dawng sawng thei ang.

Mimal anga complaint a lo luh chuan committee-in a pawm theih leh pawm theih loh tur a ngaih tuah anga, a pawmthei a nih chuan complaint chu a endik ang. Complaint-na hi thudik a nih chuan committee rorelna ang zawm turin (Binding force a neih loh vangin) chu ram thuneitute lakah tihluina a hmang thei chuanglo a ni. Kan rorelna lo zawm ve a tha e an tithei a ni.

Committee in Complaint-na a endik huna ngaihtuah tur point pawimawh te:

Complaint thehluttu hian a hming a tarlang tur a ni a, Protocol a hming sign tawh ramchhung emaw chu ram Dan hnuaia mi a ni tur a ni.
Bawhchhiatna tuar (victim) ngei emaw a aiawh in emaw complaint tur a ni. Aiawh complaint-na a nih chuan victim ngeiin complaint theihlohna dinhmun a ding a ni tur a ni.
Complaint-na hian thuthlung thu nen a inmil tur a ni a, protocol-in a phal vang leh chu phalna a nilo zawnga hmang ang chi a ni tur a ni lo.
Thubuai chinfel tur hi International level a ngaihtuah lai mek thu a nih chuan pawm theih a no lovang.
Complaint tu hian a chenna ramah a complaint tawh in lungawina a hmuh loh avanga complaint rawn theh lut a ni tur a ni.

International Covenant on Economics Social and Cultural Rights. (ICESCR)

Economics, Social leh Cultural Rights te hi UDHR Article (21) hnulamah kan hmuthei a, he rights hi khawsak nunphung, Education leh Health lam a ni. UDHR-ah he rights hi 1948 kum atang humhalh tan a ni a, International Labor Organization (ILO) chuan 1917 kum atang tunthlengin a la humhalh reng a ni. UNO-ah ICESCR hi 1966 kum khan ziahfel tawh a ni a, 3^rd January 1976 kumah he thuthlung hi a rawn nung a. He thuthlunga hming sign tawh ram hi 152 an chuang tawh a ni.

ICESCR thuthlungah hian Article (31) thleng a awm a, Article (1), (3) leh (5) te hi ICCPR nen an inang hle a, thuthlung pahnih a Article (1)-te hi Self Determination tarlanna a ni a, mitinin zalenna an neih thu tarlan a ni. Thuthlung pahniha Article (3)-ah pawh mipa leh hmeichhia te’n dikna leh chanvo intluka an neih thu tarlan a ni a, ram thuneitu ten chanvo intluka pektur a nih thu ziahlan a ni bawk.

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